Home Industries Market Insights About Us Publisher Contact us

Global Camera Lens Market Research Report with Opportunities and Strategies to Boost Growth- COVID-19 Impact and Recovery

ReportID: 621000

|

Published Date: Mar-22

|

No. of Pages: 115

|

Categories: IT & Telecommunication

|

Formate :


Based on the Camera Lens market development status, competitive landscape and development model in different regions of the world, this report is dedicated to providing niche markets, potential risks and comprehensive competitive strategy analysis in different fields. From the competitive advantages of different types of products and services, the development opportunities and consumption characteristics and structure analysis of the downstream application fields are all analyzed in detail. To Boost Growth during the epidemic era, this report analyzes in detail for the potential risks and opportunities which can be focused on.

In Chapter 2.4 of the report, we share our perspectives for the impact of COVID-19 from the long and short term.
In chapter 3.4, we provide the influence of the crisis on the industry chain, especially for marketing channels.
In chapters 8-13, we update the timely industry economic revitalization plan of the country-wise government.

Key players in the global Camera Lens market covered in Chapter 5:
Voigtl nder
Pentax
Samsung
ZEISS
Canon
Sony
Nikon
ROKINON
SAMYANG
Panasonic
Olympus
Sigma
Tamron
Tokina
Fujifilm

In Chapter 6, on the basis of types, the Camera Lens market from 2015 to 2025 is primarily split into:
Zoom Lenses
Prime Lenses

In Chapter 7, on the basis of applications, the Camera Lens market from 2015 to 2025 covers:
Amateur
Professional

Geographically, the detailed analysis of consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate, historic and forecast (2015-2025) of the following regions are covered in Chapter 8-13:
North America (Covered in Chapter 9)
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe (Covered in Chapter 10)
Germany
UK
France
Italy
Spain
Russia
Others
Asia-Pacific (Covered in Chapter 11)
China
Japan
South Korea
Australia
India
South America (Covered in Chapter 12)
Brazil
Argentina
Columbia
Middle East and Africa (Covered in Chapter 13)
UAE
Egypt
South Africa

Years considered for this report:
Historical Years: 2015-2019
Base Year: 2019
Estimated Year: 2020
Forecast Period: 2020-2025
Table of Content

1 Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition and Market Characteristics
1.2 Global Camera Lens Market Size
1.3 Market Segmentation
1.4 Global Macroeconomic Analysis
1.5 SWOT Analysis

2. Market Dynamics
2.1 Market Drivers
2.2 Market Constraints and Challenges
2.3 Emerging Market Trends
2.4 Impact of COVID-19
2.4.1 Short-term Impact
2.4.2 Long-term Impact

3 Associated Industry Assessment
3.1 Supply Chain Analysis
3.2 Industry Active Participants
3.2.1 Suppliers of Raw Materials
3.2.2 Key Distributors/Retailers
3.3 Alternative Analysis
3.4 The Impact of Covid-19 From the Perspective of Industry Chain

4 Market Competitive Landscape
4.1 Industry Leading Players
4.2 Industry News
4.2.1 Key Product Launch News
4.2.2 M&A and Expansion Plans

5 Analysis of Leading Companies
5.1 Voigtl nder
5.1.1 Voigtl nder Company Profile
5.1.2 Voigtl nder Business Overview
5.1.3 Voigtl nder Camera Lens Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.1.4 Voigtl nder Camera Lens Products Introduction
5.2 Pentax
5.2.1 Pentax Company Profile
5.2.2 Pentax Business Overview
5.2.3 Pentax Camera Lens Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.2.4 Pentax Camera Lens Products Introduction
5.3 Samsung
5.3.1 Samsung Company Profile
5.3.2 Samsung Business Overview
5.3.3 Samsung Camera Lens Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.3.4 Samsung Camera Lens Products Introduction
5.4 ZEISS
5.4.1 ZEISS Company Profile
5.4.2 ZEISS Business Overview
5.4.3 ZEISS Camera Lens Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.4.4 ZEISS Camera Lens Products Introduction
5.5 Canon
5.5.1 Canon Company Profile
5.5.2 Canon Business Overview
5.5.3 Canon Camera Lens Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.5.4 Canon Camera Lens Products Introduction
5.6 Sony
5.6.1 Sony Company Profile
5.6.2 Sony Business Overview
5.6.3 Sony Camera Lens Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.6.4 Sony Camera Lens Products Introduction
5.7 Nikon
5.7.1 Nikon Company Profile
5.7.2 Nikon Business Overview
5.7.3 Nikon Camera Lens Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.7.4 Nikon Camera Lens Products Introduction
5.8 ROKINON
5.8.1 ROKINON Company Profile
5.8.2 ROKINON Business Overview
5.8.3 ROKINON Camera Lens Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.8.4 ROKINON Camera Lens Products Introduction
5.9 SAMYANG
5.9.1 SAMYANG Company Profile
5.9.2 SAMYANG Business Overview
5.9.3 SAMYANG Camera Lens Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.9.4 SAMYANG Camera Lens Products Introduction
5.10 Panasonic
5.10.1 Panasonic Company Profile
5.10.2 Panasonic Business Overview
5.10.3 Panasonic Camera Lens Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.10.4 Panasonic Camera Lens Products Introduction
5.11 Olympus
5.11.1 Olympus Company Profile
5.11.2 Olympus Business Overview
5.11.3 Olympus Camera Lens Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.11.4 Olympus Camera Lens Products Introduction
5.12 Sigma
5.12.1 Sigma Company Profile
5.12.2 Sigma Business Overview
5.12.3 Sigma Camera Lens Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.12.4 Sigma Camera Lens Products Introduction
5.13 Tamron
5.13.1 Tamron Company Profile
5.13.2 Tamron Business Overview
5.13.3 Tamron Camera Lens Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.13.4 Tamron Camera Lens Products Introduction
5.14 Tokina
5.14.1 Tokina Company Profile
5.14.2 Tokina Business Overview
5.14.3 Tokina Camera Lens Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.14.4 Tokina Camera Lens Products Introduction
5.15 Fujifilm
5.15.1 Fujifilm Company Profile
5.15.2 Fujifilm Business Overview
5.15.3 Fujifilm Camera Lens Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.15.4 Fujifilm Camera Lens Products Introduction

6 Market Analysis and Forecast, By Product Types
6.1 Global Camera Lens Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
6.1.1 Global Camera Lens Sales and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
6.1.2 Global Camera Lens Revenue and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
6.1.3 Global Camera Lens Price by Types (2015-2020)
6.2 Global Camera Lens Market Forecast by Types (2020-2025)
6.2.1 Global Camera Lens Market Forecast Sales and Market Share by Types (2020-2025)
6.2.2 Global Camera Lens Market Forecast Revenue and Market Share by Types (2020-2025)
6.3 Global Camera Lens Sales, Price and Growth Rate by Types (2015-2020)
6.3.1 Global Camera Lens Sales, Price and Growth Rate of Zoom Lenses
6.3.2 Global Camera Lens Sales, Price and Growth Rate of Prime Lenses
6.4 Global Camera Lens Market Revenue and Sales Forecast, by Types (2020-2025)
6.4.1 Zoom Lenses Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
6.4.2 Prime Lenses Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)

7 Market Analysis and Forecast, By Applications
7.1 Global Camera Lens Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
7.1.1 Global Camera Lens Sales and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
7.1.2 Global Camera Lens Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
7.2 Global Camera Lens Market Forecast by Applications (2020-2025)
7.2.1 Global Camera Lens Market Forecast Sales and Market Share by Applications (2020-2025)
7.2.2 Global Camera Lens Market Forecast Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2020-2025)
7.3 Global Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate by Applications (2015-2020)
7.3.1 Global Camera Lens Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate of Amateur (2015-2020)
7.3.2 Global Camera Lens Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate of Professional (2015-2020)
7.4 Global Camera Lens Market Revenue and Sales Forecast, by Applications (2020-2025)
7.4.1 Amateur Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
7.4.2 Professional Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)

8 Market Analysis and Forecast, By Regions
8.1 Global Camera Lens Sales by Regions (2015-2020)
8.2 Global Camera Lens Market Revenue by Regions (2015-2020)
8.3 Global Camera Lens Market Forecast by Regions (2020-2025)

9 North America Camera Lens Market Analysis
9.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
9.2 North America Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
9.3 North America Camera Lens Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
9.4 North America Camera Lens Market Forecast
9.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on North America Market
9.6 North America Camera Lens Market Analysis by Country
9.6.1 U.S. Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate
9.6.2 Canada Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate
9.6.3 Mexico Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate

10 Europe Camera Lens Market Analysis
10.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
10.2 Europe Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
10.3 Europe Camera Lens Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
10.4 Europe Camera Lens Market Forecast
10.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Europe Market
10.6 Europe Camera Lens Market Analysis by Country
10.6.1 Germany Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate
10.6.2 United Kingdom Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate
10.6.3 France Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate
10.6.4 Italy Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate
10.6.5 Spain Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate
10.6.6 Russia Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate

11 Asia-Pacific Camera Lens Market Analysis
11.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
11.2 Asia-Pacific Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
11.3 Asia-Pacific Camera Lens Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
11.4 Asia-Pacific Camera Lens Market Forecast
11.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Asia Pacific Market
11.6 Asia-Pacific Camera Lens Market Analysis by Country
11.6.1 China Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate
11.6.2 Japan Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate
11.6.3 South Korea Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate
11.6.4 Australia Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate
11.6.5 India Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate

12 South America Camera Lens Market Analysis
12.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
12.2 South America Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
12.3 South America Camera Lens Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
12.4 South America Camera Lens Market Forecast
12.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on South America Market
12.6 South America Camera Lens Market Analysis by Country
12.6.1 Brazil Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate
12.6.2 Argentina Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate
12.6.3 Columbia Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate

13 Middle East and Africa Camera Lens Market Analysis
13.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
13.2 Middle East and Africa Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
13.3 Middle East and Africa Camera Lens Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
13.4 Middle East and Africa Camera Lens Market Forecast
13.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Middle East and Africa Market
13.6 Middle East and Africa Camera Lens Market Analysis by Country
13.6.1 UAE Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate
13.6.2 Egypt Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate
13.6.3 South Africa Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate

14 Conclusions and Recommendations
14.1 Key Market Findings and Prospects
14.2 Advice for Investors

15 Appendix
15.1 Methodology
15.2 Research Data Source

List of Tables and Figures

Figure Product Picture
Figure Global Camera Lens Market Size and Growth Rate 2015-2025
Table Camera Lens Key Market Segments
Figure Global Camera Lens Market Revenue ($) Segment by Type from 2015-2020
Figure Global Camera Lens Market Revenue ($) Segment by Applications from 2015-2020
Table SWOT Analysis
Figure Global COVID-19 Status
Figure Supply Chain
Table Major Players Headquarters, and Service Area of Camera Lens
Table Major Players Revenue in 2019
Figure Major Players Revenue Share in 2019
Table Voigtl nder Company Profile
Table Voigtl nder Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Voigtl nder Production and Growth Rate
Figure Voigtl nder Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Pentax Company Profile
Table Pentax Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Pentax Production and Growth Rate
Figure Pentax Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Samsung Company Profile
Table Samsung Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Samsung Production and Growth Rate
Figure Samsung Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table ZEISS Company Profile
Table ZEISS Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure ZEISS Production and Growth Rate
Figure ZEISS Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Canon Company Profile
Table Canon Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Canon Production and Growth Rate
Figure Canon Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Sony Company Profile
Table Sony Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Sony Production and Growth Rate
Figure Sony Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Nikon Company Profile
Table Nikon Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Nikon Production and Growth Rate
Figure Nikon Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table ROKINON Company Profile
Table ROKINON Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure ROKINON Production and Growth Rate
Figure ROKINON Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table SAMYANG Company Profile
Table SAMYANG Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure SAMYANG Production and Growth Rate
Figure SAMYANG Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Panasonic Company Profile
Table Panasonic Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Panasonic Production and Growth Rate
Figure Panasonic Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Olympus Company Profile
Table Olympus Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Olympus Production and Growth Rate
Figure Olympus Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Sigma Company Profile
Table Sigma Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Sigma Production and Growth Rate
Figure Sigma Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Tamron Company Profile
Table Tamron Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Tamron Production and Growth Rate
Figure Tamron Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Tokina Company Profile
Table Tokina Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Tokina Production and Growth Rate
Figure Tokina Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Fujifilm Company Profile
Table Fujifilm Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Fujifilm Production and Growth Rate
Figure Fujifilm Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Global Camera Lens Sales by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Camera Lens Sales Share by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Camera Lens Revenue ($) by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Camera Lens Revenue Share by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Camera Lens Price ($) by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Camera Lens Market Forecast Sales by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global Camera Lens Market Forecast Sales Share by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global Camera Lens Market Forecast Revenue ($) by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global Camera Lens Market Forecast Revenue Share by Types (2020-2025)
Figure Global Zoom Lenses Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Zoom Lenses Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Prime Lenses Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Prime Lenses Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Camera Lens Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Zoom Lenses (2020-2025)
Figure Global Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Zoom Lenses (2020-2025)
Figure Global Camera Lens Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Prime Lenses (2020-2025)
Figure Global Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Prime Lenses (2020-2025)
Table Global Camera Lens Sales by Applications (2015-2020)
Table Global Camera Lens Sales Share by Applications (2015-2020)
Table Global Camera Lens Revenue ($) by Applications (2015-2020)
Table Global Camera Lens Revenue Share by Applications (2015-2020)
Table Global Camera Lens Market Forecast Sales by Applications (2020-2025)
Table Global Camera Lens Market Forecast Sales Share by Applications (2020-2025)
Table Global Camera Lens Market Forecast Revenue ($) by Applications (2020-2025)
Table Global Camera Lens Market Forecast Revenue Share by Applications (2020-2025)
Figure Global Amateur Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Amateur Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Professional Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Professional Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Camera Lens Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Amateur (2020-2025)
Figure Global Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Amateur (2020-2025)
Figure Global Camera Lens Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Professional (2020-2025)
Figure Global Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Professional (2020-2025)
Figure Global Camera Lens Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Global Camera Lens Sales by Regions (2015-2020)
Table Global Camera Lens Sales Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
Figure Global Camera Lens Sales Market Share by Regions in 2019
Figure Global Camera Lens Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Global Camera Lens Revenue by Regions (2015-2020)
Table Global Camera Lens Revenue Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
Figure Global Camera Lens Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2019
Table Global Camera Lens Market Forecast Sales by Regions (2020-2025)
Table Global Camera Lens Market Forecast Sales Share by Regions (2020-2025)
Table Global Camera Lens Market Forecast Revenue ($) by Regions (2020-2025)
Table Global Camera Lens Market Forecast Revenue Share by Regions (2020-2025)
Figure North America Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure North America Camera Lens Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure North America Camera Lens Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure North America Camera Lens Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure North America COVID-19 Status
Figure U.S. Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Canada Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Mexico Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Europe Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Europe Camera Lens Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Europe Camera Lens Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure Europe Camera Lens Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure Europe COVID-19 Status
Figure Germany Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure United Kingdom Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure France Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Italy Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Spain Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Russia Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Asia-Pacific Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Asia-Pacific Camera Lens Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Asia-Pacific Camera Lens Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure Asia-Pacific Camera Lens Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure Asia Pacific COVID-19 Status
Figure China Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Japan Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South Korea Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Australia Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure India Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South America Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South America Camera Lens Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South America Camera Lens Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure South America Camera Lens Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure Brazil Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Argentina Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Columbia Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Middle East and Africa Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Middle East and Africa Camera Lens Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Middle East and Africa Camera Lens Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure Middle East and Africa Camera Lens Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure UAE Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Egypt Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South Africa Camera Lens Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Request For Methodology

To receive a sample copy of this report, please complete the form below

Kindly share your specific requirement (if any)

Request For List Of Tables

To receive a sample copy of this report, please complete the form below

Kindly share your specific requirement (if any)

Price

Single User

US$3400

Multi User

US$5100

Corporate User

US$5100

Excel Datapack

US$2000

Download Sample Report

Kindly share your specific requirement (if any)
970580f357b66011f3ad9bfd8fd4652a.png

Global Camera Lens Market Research Report with Opportunities and Strategies to Boost Growth- COVID-19 Impact and Recovery