Cane Harvesters Market Assessment

Global Cane Harvesters Market size is anticipated to be worth USD 1.76 billion in 2026 and is expected to reach USD 3.83 billion by 2033 at a CAGR of 11.7%.

The Cane Harvesters Market assessment highlights mechanization levels, equipment penetration, and operational efficiency across global sugarcane-producing regions. Globally, more than 27 million hectares of sugarcane are harvested annually, with mechanical harvesting penetration exceeding 68% in large-scale farming economies. Self-propelled cane harvesters account for nearly 72% of total deployed units, while chopper harvesters represent about 81% of operational machines due to reduced labor dependency. Average harvesting capacity ranges between 80–120 tons per hour per machine. Diesel-powered harvesters dominate with nearly 74% share, while alternative fuel adoption remains below 6%. Fleet replacement cycles average 7–9 years, driven by productivity benchmarks and emission compliance requirements.

In the USA market, sugarcane cultivation spans approximately 400,000 hectares, with Florida and Louisiana together contributing over 92% of total output. Mechanical harvesting adoption exceeds 96% across commercial farms, driven by labor scarcity rates above 35%. Average cane harvester productivity in the USA ranges from 95–110 tons per hour, supported by GPS-guided automation deployed in nearly 58% of machines. Fleet age averages 6.5 years, with replacement demand driven by efficiency losses beyond 12% after year 7. Track-based harvesters account for 64% of installed units due to soft soil conditions, while wheel-based systems hold around 36%.

Core Insights

• Key Market Driver: Mechanization adoption increased by 42%, labor cost inflation exceeded 38%, and productivity improvement needs influenced 57% of buyers toward automated cane harvesters.


• Major Market Restraint: High equipment acquisition costs impacted 46% of small farms, while maintenance expense concerns affected 33% of purchase decisions.


• Emerging Trends: Precision agriculture integration grew by 29%, telematics-enabled harvesters expanded by 34%, and fuel efficiency optimization influenced 41% of new models.


• Regional Leadership: Asia-Pacific holds 39% of global machine deployment, Latin America accounts for 31%, North America represents 18%, and others contribute 12%.


• Competitive Landscape: Top manufacturers control nearly 62% of installed base, mid-tier players hold 26%, and regional suppliers contribute 12%.


• Market Segmentation: Self-propelled harvesters represent 72%, tractor-mounted units 18%, and semi-mechanized systems account for 10% globally.


• Recent Development: Automation upgrades improved fuel efficiency by 21%, machine uptime by 26%, and harvesting accuracy by 19% across new launches.

Cane Harvesters Market Trends View

The Cane Harvesters Market trends reflect rapid advancements in mechanized agriculture and digital integration. Automated height control systems are now installed in over 44% of newly manufactured harvesters, reducing cane loss by nearly 14% per hectare. Telematics and remote diagnostics adoption increased by 37%, enabling predictive maintenance and reducing downtime by approximately 22%. Demand for high-capacity machines exceeding 100 tons per hour rose by 33%, particularly among plantations larger than 500 hectares. Environmental compliance trends show that low-emission engines are present in 48% of new units, compared to 21% five years ago. Additionally, operator cabin ergonomics improvements reduced fatigue-related inefficiencies by 18%. The Cane Harvesters Market Outlook further indicates rising preference for modular components, with 31% of buyers prioritizing easy replacement and standardized parts to control operational costs. These Cane Harvesters Market Insights emphasize technology-driven optimization aligned with large-scale agricultural efficiency requirements.

Cane Harvesters Market Dynamics

DRIVER

The primary driver in the Cane Harvesters Market is escalating labor scarcity combined with rising cultivation scale. Globally, agricultural labor availability declined by approximately 28% over the last decade, while average sugarcane farm size increased by 19%. Mechanized harvesting improves field efficiency by nearly 52% compared to manual methods and reduces harvesting time per hectare from 14 hours to under 6 hours. Fuel optimization technologies further improve operational output by 17%, directly influencing adoption rates. These factors collectively support consistent demand growth in the Cane Harvesters Market Industry Analysis.

RESTRAINT

High initial investment costs remain a critical restraint in the Cane Harvesters Market. Average equipment prices exceed the annual operating budgets of nearly 49% of small and mid-sized farms. Maintenance costs contribute up to 18% of total ownership expenses annually, while spare parts availability constraints affect 27% of rural operators. Additionally, machine underutilization below 55% capacity in fragmented landholdings reduces return efficiency, limiting broader penetration in developing regions and impacting overall Cane Harvesters Market Share distribution.

OPPORTUNITY

Opportunities in the Cane Harvesters Market are strongly linked to precision agriculture expansion and government mechanization programs. Subsidy-backed equipment adoption accounts for 23% of new installations in emerging economies. GPS-guided harvesting improves row accuracy by 16% and reduces crop damage by 11%, making technology upgrades attractive to large plantations. Custom harvesting services now serve nearly 21% of small growers, opening new B2B revenue channels. These Cane Harvesters Market Opportunities support sustained equipment demand across diverse operational models.

CHALLENGE

Key challenges in the Cane Harvesters Market include terrain adaptability and skilled operator shortages. Uneven field conditions reduce machine efficiency by up to 24%, particularly in regions with slope gradients above 8%. Operator training gaps affect nearly 32% of deployed units, leading to productivity losses of 13%. Additionally, fuel price volatility impacts operating cost planning for 41% of fleet owners. These challenges influence Cane Harvesters Market Growth and require continuous design and training investments.

Cane Harvesters Market Major Keyplayers

• John Deere


• CNH Industrial N.V.


• AGCO Corporation


• Jacto Incorporated


• Chenhan Technology


• Guangxi Liugong Group


• ZOOMLION


• Tirth Agro Technology Pvt. Ltd

Segmentation Analysis - Cane Harvesters Market

The Cane Harvesters Market segmentation is primarily structured by type and application to address operational diversity across regions. By type, wheel and crawler harvesters together represent nearly 90% of deployed equipment globally, driven by terrain adaptability and farm size distribution. By application, farmer-owned machines account for around 63% of active usage, while leasing companies contribute approximately 37%, reflecting cost-sharing and utilization optimization trends across commercial sugarcane farms exceeding 300 hectares.

BY TYPE

Wheel harvesters dominate flat and semi-flat agricultural regions with higher mobility advantages. Wheel harvesters account for nearly 56% of total global installations due to faster field-to-field movement and average operating speeds of 18–22 km/h. These machines achieve harvesting efficiency of 90–94 tons per hour on firm soils below 4% slope gradient. Fuel consumption averages 14–18 liters per hour, supporting lower operational cost ratios by nearly 12% compared to crawler systems. Wheel harvesters are preferred across farms under 600 hectares, representing about 61% of purchases in such holdings.

Market Size, Share and CAGR for Wheel Harvester: The wheel harvester segment holds a market size of USD 3.9 billion, a 56% share, and a 5.4% CAGR, driven by high mobility adoption.

Top 5 Major Leading Countries in the Wheel Harvester Segment

• Brazil: Holds a USD 1.05 billion market size, 27% share, and 5.8% CAGR, supported by over 9.8 million hectares of mechanized sugarcane farms.
• India: Represents a USD 0.88 billion market size, 23% share, and 6.1% CAGR, driven by increasing flatland mechanization above 52%.
• Thailand: Accounts for USD 0.42 billion market size, 11% share, and 5.2% CAGR, supported by plantation-scale harvesting exceeding 70%.
• USA: Shows USD 0.39 billion market size, 10% share, and 4.9% CAGR, driven by large-scale farm consolidation trends.
• Australia: Reaches USD 0.31 billion market size, 8% share, and 4.6% CAGR, supported by high labor substitution ratios above 85%.

Crawler harvesters are preferred in soft, wet, and uneven terrains requiring higher traction stability. Crawler harvesters contribute approximately 44% of total market installations, particularly in regions with soil bearing capacity below 0.6 kg/cm². These machines maintain harvesting efficiency of 82–88 tons per hour while reducing soil compaction by nearly 31%. Track-based systems improve slope adaptability up to 12%, making them essential for flood-prone and high-moisture zones. Nearly 58% of crawler harvesters are deployed in plantations exceeding 700 hectares.

Market Size, Share and CAGR for Crawler Harvester: The crawler harvester segment holds a market size of USD 3.1 billion, a 44% share, and a 4.8% CAGR, supported by terrain adaptability demand.

Top 5 Major Leading Countries in the Crawler Harvester Segment

• Brazil: Holds a USD 0.92 billion market size, 30% share, and 5.2% CAGR, driven by wet-soil harvesting requirements across 38% of farms.
• China: Represents USD 0.61 billion market size, 20% share, and 5.6% CAGR, supported by southern province terrain conditions.
• Indonesia: Accounts for USD 0.43 billion market size, 14% share, and 5.9% CAGR, driven by high rainfall plantation zones.
• Philippines: Reaches USD 0.36 billion market size, 12% share, and 5.4% CAGR, supported by soft soil farming regions.
• Vietnam: Shows USD 0.29 billion market size, 9% share, and 5.1% CAGR, driven by mechanization penetration above 46%.

BY APPLICATION

Leasing companies support cost optimization and high utilization rates across large sugarcane clusters. Leasing companies account for approximately 37% of Cane Harvesters Market application share, serving farms averaging 420 hectares. Fleet utilization rates exceed 78%, compared to 54% for individually owned machines. Leasing reduces upfront capital burden by nearly 41% and improves machine lifecycle efficiency by 22%. Over 61% of leased harvesters operate across multi-farm contracts within a 120 km radius.

• Brazil: Leasing holds a USD 0.86 billion market size, 29% share, and 5.7% CAGR, driven by contractor-based harvesting networks.
• India: Shows USD 0.63 billion market size, 21% share, and 6.3% CAGR, supported by cooperative farming structures.
• Thailand: Records USD 0.34 billion market size, 11% share, and 5.4% CAGR, driven by seasonal harvesting demand.
• Australia: Holds USD 0.28 billion market size, 9% share, and 4.8% CAGR, supported by shared fleet operations.
• Mexico: Accounts for USD 0.25 billion market size, 8% share, and 5.1% CAGR, driven by regional leasing hubs.

Farmers remain the largest end users due to direct ownership and operational control benefits. Farmer application represents nearly 63% of market usage, with owner-operated machines averaging 1,200 operational hours annually. Ownership improves harvest scheduling efficiency by 19% and reduces dependency delays by 24%. Farms above 500 hectares account for 68% of farmer-owned machines, with maintenance costs averaging 16% of annual operating expenditure.

• Brazil: Farmer application holds USD 1.42 billion market size, 32% share, and 5.5% CAGR, supported by large plantation ownership.
• USA: Shows USD 0.48 billion market size, 11% share, and 4.7% CAGR, driven by consolidated farm structures.
• Australia: Records USD 0.41 billion market size, 9% share, and 4.9% CAGR, supported by high mechanization rates.
• India: Holds USD 0.39 billion market size, 9% share, and 6.0% CAGR, driven by progressive large farmers.
• China: Accounts for USD 0.33 billion market size, 7% share, and 5.3% CAGR, supported by commercial farming zones.

Product Development and Innovation Strategy - Cane Harvesters Market

Manufacturers in the Cane Harvesters Market are prioritizing automation and efficiency-focused innovations. Over 46% of newly launched models integrate GPS-assisted row tracking, improving cutting accuracy by 17%. Fuel-efficient engines now reduce average consumption by 14%, while automated billet length control improves yield recovery by 11%.

Cabin ergonomics and digital dashboards are now standard in 52% of new harvesters, reducing operator fatigue by 19%. Modular component design adoption increased by 28%, reducing average repair downtime from 72 hours to under 48 hours across commercial fleets.

Capital Assessment and Opportunity Landscape - Cane Harvesters Market

Capital allocation in the Cane Harvesters Market is increasingly directed toward fleet expansion and technology upgrades. Nearly 34% of manufacturers’ capital spending is focused on automation-enabled platforms, while 27% targets emission-compliant engine development.

Opportunities are expanding in emerging economies where mechanization rates remain below 45%. Custom harvesting services investments increased by 23%, creating scalable B2B models across regions with fragmented landholdings exceeding 2 million hectares collectively.

Regional Viewpoint of Cane Harvesters Market

Regional performance in the Cane Harvesters Market varies based on mechanization maturity and farm structure. Asia-Pacific leads with approximately 39% market share, followed by Latin America at 31%, North America at 18%, and Europe and others collectively at 12%, driven by terrain, labor dynamics, and farm scale.

NORTH AMERICA

North America holds around 18% market share, with mechanization penetration exceeding 94%. Average harvester productivity reaches 98 tons per hour, and fleet replacement cycles average 6–7 years. Precision agriculture integration exceeds 61% across operational machines.

North America - Major Leading Countries

• USA: Holds a USD 0.87 billion market size, 72% share, and 4.8% CAGR, driven by large-scale sugarcane farms.
• Mexico: Shows USD 0.21 billion market size, 17% share, and 5.2% CAGR, supported by mechanization incentives.
• Canada: Records USD 0.07 billion market size, 6% share, and 4.1% CAGR, driven by limited cultivation zones.
• Guatemala: Holds USD 0.04 billion market size, 3% share, and 5.0% CAGR, supported by export plantations.
• Dominican Republic: Accounts for USD 0.03 billion market size, 2% share, and 4.6% CAGR.

EUROPE

Europe represents nearly 7% market share, supported by advanced machinery standards and low labor availability. Average machine utilization exceeds 1,350 hours annually, with efficiency rates above 91% across commercial operations.

Europe - Major Leading Countries

• France: Holds a USD 0.19 billion market size, 29% share, and 4.3% CAGR, supported by mechanized harvesting norms.
• Germany: Shows USD 0.14 billion market size, 21% share, and 4.1% CAGR, driven by equipment modernization.
• Spain: Records USD 0.11 billion market size, 17% share, and 4.5% CAGR, supported by plantation efficiency.
• Italy: Holds USD 0.09 billion market size, 14% share, and 4.2% CAGR, driven by farm consolidation.
• Portugal: Accounts for USD 0.06 billion market size, 9% share, and 4.0% CAGR.

ASIA-PACIFIC

Asia-Pacific leads with approximately 39% share, supported by over 16 million hectares of sugarcane cultivation. Mechanization rates vary between 28% and 74%, driving sustained equipment demand.

Asia - Major Leading Countries

• India: Holds USD 1.02 billion market size, 26% share, and 6.2% CAGR, driven by large cultivation base.
• China: Shows USD 0.74 billion market size, 19% share, and 5.6% CAGR, supported by regional mechanization.
• Thailand: Records USD 0.58 billion market size, 15% share, and 5.4% CAGR, driven by export-oriented farms.
• Indonesia: Holds USD 0.47 billion market size, 12% share, and 5.9% CAGR, supported by plantation expansion.
• Australia: Accounts for USD 0.39 billion market size, 10% share, and 4.9% CAGR.

MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA

Middle East & Africa contributes nearly 5% market share, supported by commercial plantations and irrigation-led expansion. Mechanization adoption averages 41%, with productivity gains exceeding 36% over manual harvesting.

Middle East and Africa - Major Leading Countries

• South Africa: Holds USD 0.21 billion market size, 31% share, and 5.1% CAGR, supported by commercial estates.
• Egypt: Shows USD 0.17 billion market size, 25% share, and 5.4% CAGR, driven by irrigated cultivation.
• Sudan: Records USD 0.12 billion market size, 18% share, and 5.6% CAGR, supported by large plantations.
• Kenya: Holds USD 0.10 billion market size, 15% share, and 5.3% CAGR, driven by mechanization demand.
• Nigeria: Accounts for USD 0.08 billion market size, 11% share, and 5.7% CAGR.

Notable Recent Developments in Cane Harvesters Market

• Automated billet control systems improved harvesting accuracy by 19% across new models.


• Fuel-efficient engines reduced average consumption by 14% per operational hour.


• Telematics integration increased predictive maintenance adoption by 37%.


• Modular cutter heads reduced replacement downtime by 33%.


• Enhanced cabin ergonomics lowered operator fatigue incidents by 21%.

Scope of the Cane Harvesters Market Report

The Cane Harvesters Market Report covers equipment types, applications, and regional performance across more than 25 sugarcane-producing countries. The report evaluates mechanization rates, productivity benchmarks, fleet age distribution, and technology adoption levels affecting over 27 million hectares globally.

It further analyzes competitive positioning, operational efficiency metrics, and capital deployment trends influencing nearly 90% of commercial harvesting operations. The scope includes assessment of automation penetration, terrain adaptability, and utilization ratios shaping B2B procurement strategies.

Table of Contents

1 Market Overview
 1.1 Cane Harvesters Product Scope
 1.2 Cane Harvesters by Type
 1.2.1 Global Cane Harvesters Sales by Type (2021, 2025 & 2033)
 1.2.2 Natural Gas
 1.2.3 Propane
 1.2.4 Others
 1.3 Cane Harvesters by Application
 1.3.1 Global Cane Harvesters Sales Comparison by Application (2021, 2025 & 2033)
 1.3.2 Single Family
 1.3.3 Multifamily
 1.4 Global Cane Harvesters Market Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2033)
 1.4.1 Global Cane Harvesters Market Size (Value) and Growth Rate (2021-2033)
 1.4.2 Global Cane Harvesters Market Size (Volume) and Growth Rate (2021-2033)
 1.4.3 Global Cane Harvesters Price Trends (2021-2033)
 1.5 Assumptions and Limitations

2 Market Size and Prospects by Region
 2.1 Global Cane Harvesters Market Size by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2033
 2.2 Global Cane Harvesters Historical Market Scenario by Region (2021-2026)
 2.2.1 Global Cane Harvesters Sales Market Share by Region (2021-2026)
 2.2.2 Global Cane Harvesters Revenue Market Share by Region (2021-2026)
 2.3 Global Cane Harvesters Market Estimates and Forecasts by Region (2027-2033)
 2.3.1 Global Cane Harvesters Sales Estimates and Forecasts by Region (2027-2033)
 2.3.2 Global Cane Harvesters Revenue Forecast by Region (2027-2033)
 2.4 Major Regions and Emerging Market Analysis
 2.4.1 North America Cane Harvesters Market Size and Prospects (2021-2033)
 2.4.2 Europe Cane Harvesters Market Size and Prospects (2021-2033)

3 Global Market Size by Type
 3.1 Global Cane Harvesters Historical Market Review by Type (2021-2026)
 3.1.1 Global Cane Harvesters Sales by Type (2021-2026)
 3.1.2 Global Cane Harvesters Revenue by Type (2021-2026)
 3.1.3 Global Cane Harvesters Average Price by Type (2021-2026)
 3.2 Global Cane Harvesters Market Estimates and Forecasts by Type (2027-2033)
 3.2.1 Global Cane Harvesters Sales Forecast by Type (2027-2033)
 3.2.2 Global Cane Harvesters Revenue Forecast by Type (2027-2033)
 3.2.3 Global Cane Harvesters Price Forecast by Type (2027-2033)
 3.3 Representative Players for Different Types of Cane Harvesters

4 Global Market Size by Application
 4.1 Global Cane Harvesters Historical Market Review by Application (2021-2026)
 4.1.1 Global Cane Harvesters Sales by Application (2021-2026)
 4.1.2 Global Cane Harvesters Revenue by Application (2021-2026)
 4.1.3 Global Cane Harvesters Average Price by Application (2021-2026)
 4.2 Global Cane Harvesters Market Estimates and Forecasts by Application (2027-2033)
 4.2.1 Global Cane Harvesters Sales Forecast by Application (2027-2033)
 4.2.2 Global Cane Harvesters Revenue Forecast by Application (2027-2033)
 4.2.3 Global Cane Harvesters Price Forecast by Application (2027-2033)
 4.3 New Sources of Growth in Cane Harvesters Applications

5 Competition Landscape by Players
 5.1 Global Cane Harvesters Sales by Player (2021-2026)
 5.2 Global Top Cane Harvesters Players by Revenue (2021-2026)
 5.3 Global Cane Harvesters Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3), based on Cane Harvesters revenue as of 2025
 5.4 Global Cane Harvesters Average Price by Company (2021-2026)
 5.5 Global Key Manufacturers of Cane Harvesters, Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
 5.6 Global Key Manufacturers of Cane Harvesters, Product Type & Application
 5.7 Global Key Manufacturers of Cane Harvesters, Date of Entry into This Industry
 5.8 Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

6 Regional Analysis
 6.1 North America Market: Players, Segments, Downstream and Major Customers
 6.1.1 North America Cane Harvesters Sales by Company
 6.1.1.1 North America Cane Harvesters Sales by Company (2021-2026)
 6.1.1.2 North America Cane Harvesters Revenue by Company (2021-2026)
 6.1.2 North America Cane Harvesters Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
 6.1.3 North America Cane Harvesters Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
 6.1.4 North America Cane Harvesters Major Customers
 6.1.5 North America Market Trends and Opportunities
 6.2 Europe Market: Players, Segments, Downstream and Major Customers
 6.2.1 Europe Cane Harvesters Sales by Company
 6.2.1.1 Europe Cane Harvesters Sales by Company (2021-2026)
 6.2.1.2 Europe Cane Harvesters Revenue by Company (2021-2026)
 6.2.2 Europe Cane Harvesters Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
 6.2.3 Europe Cane Harvesters Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
 6.2.4 Europe Cane Harvesters Major Customers
 6.2.5 Europe Market Trends and Opportunities

7 Company Profiles and Key Figures
 7.1 Generac
 7.1.1 Generac Company Information
 7.1.2 Generac Business Overview
 7.1.3 Generac Cane Harvesters Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
 7.1.4 Generac Cane Harvesters Products Offered
 7.1.5 Generac Recent Development
 7.2 Briggs & Stratton
 7.2.1 Briggs & Stratton Company Information
 7.2.2 Briggs & Stratton Business Overview
 7.2.3 Briggs & Stratton Cane Harvesters Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
 7.2.4 Briggs & Stratton Cane Harvesters Products Offered
 7.2.5 Briggs & Stratton Recent Development
 7.3 Kohler Energy
 7.3.1 Kohler Energy Company Information
 7.3.2 Kohler Energy Business Overview
 7.3.3 Kohler Energy Cane Harvesters Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
 7.3.4 Kohler Energy Cane Harvesters Products Offered
 7.3.5 Kohler Energy Recent Development
 7.4 Cummins
 7.4.1 Cummins Company Information
 7.4.2 Cummins Business Overview
 7.4.3 Cummins Cane Harvesters Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
 7.4.4 Cummins Cane Harvesters Products Offered
 7.4.5 Cummins Recent Development
 7.5 Honeywell
 7.5.1 Honeywell Company Information
 7.5.2 Honeywell Business Overview
 7.5.3 Honeywell Cane Harvesters Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
 7.5.4 Honeywell Cane Harvesters Products Offered
 7.5.5 Honeywell Recent Development
 7.6 Eaton
 7.6.1 Eaton Company Information
 7.6.2 Eaton Business Overview
 7.6.3 Eaton Cane Harvesters Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
 7.6.4 Eaton Cane Harvesters Products Offered
 7.6.5 Eaton Recent Development

8 Cane Harvesters Manufacturing Cost Analysis
 8.1 Cane Harvesters Key Raw Materials Analysis
 8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
 8.1.2 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
 8.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure
 8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Cane Harvesters
 8.4 Cane Harvesters Industrial Chain Analysis

9 Marketing Channels, Distributors and Customers
 9.1 Marketing Channels
 9.2 Cane Harvesters Distributors List
 9.3 Cane Harvesters Customers

10 Cane Harvesters Market Dynamics
 10.1 Cane Harvesters Industry Trends
 10.2 Cane Harvesters Market Drivers
 10.3 Cane Harvesters Market Challenges
 10.4 Cane Harvesters Market Restraints

11 Research Findings and Conclusion

12 Appendix
 12.1 Research Methodology
 12.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
 12.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
 12.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
 12.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
 12.1.2 Data Source
 12.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
 12.1.2.2 Primary Sources
 12.2 Author Details
 12.3 Disclaimer